General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT026)
  Meta Name
Pyridoxine (B6)
  Unify Name
Pyridoxine
  Synonym    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine;3-Hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine;3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-alpha-picoline;5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol;Pyridoxol;Vitamin b6;3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-a-picoline;3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-Alpha-picoline;2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine;2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)pyridine;2-Methyl-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypyridine;3-Hydroxy-2-picoline-4,5-dimethanol;Adermine;Gravidox;Hydoxin;Piridossina;Piridoxina;Pyridoxin;Pyridoxinum;Pyridoxolum;Pyridoxol hydrochloride;Rodex;Pyridoxine hydrochloride
  Molecule Type
Vitamins
  Formula
C8H11NO3
  Inchi Key
LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  Description    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB): The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6. Pyridoxine assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production. It is linked to cancer immunity and helps fight the formation of homocysteine. It has been suggested that Pyridoxine might help children with learning difficulties, and may also prevent dandruff, eczema, and psoriasis. In addition, pyridoxine can help balance hormonal changes in women and aid in immune system. Lack of pyridoxine may cause anemia, nerve damage, seizures, skin problems, and sores in the mouth. -- Wikipedia Deficiency, though rare because of widespread distribution in foods, leads to the development of peripheral neuritis in adults and affects the central nervous system in children (DOSE - 4rd edition). Pyridoxine in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
  External Links   HMDB ID   HMDB0000239
  VMH ID   pydxn
  KEGG ID   C00314
  Metlin ID   5245

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type Molecule EM Info Cell/Tissue Type Modified sites Condition REF
DNA Methylation DNMT EM Info . . . [1], [2]
DNA Methylation Mlh1 EM Info Lymphocytes promoter Colon and rectal cancer [3], [4]
Histone Acetylation Histone Acetylase (HAT) EM Info . . . [1], [5]
Histone Methylation HMT EM Info . . . [1], [5]
Histone Deacetylation Sirtuin 4 EM Info . . . [1], [6]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
      Bifidobacterium
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [7]
         Description
Bifidobacteria is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans.
      Bacillus subtilis
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [2]
         Description
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.
      Fusobacteria
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [5]
         Description
Fusobacteria are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming gram-negative bacilli.
      Proteobacteria
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [2]
         Description
Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. It includes a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many others.
      Actinobacteria
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [5]
         Description
Actinobacteria are ubiquitous gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine contents in DNA, having a characteristic filamentous morphology.
      Lactococcus lactis
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [8], [9]
         Description
Lactococcus lactis is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive non-sporulating and non-motile bacteria.
      Lactobacillus gasseri
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [10], [11]
         Description
Lactobacillus gasseriis an anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that falls into the category of lactic acid bacteria.
      Lactobacillus reuteri
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [3], [4]
         Description
Lactobacillus reuteri is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that naturally inhabits the gut of mammals and birds.

References
1 Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nu12030597.
2 Biotinylation of histones represses transposable elements in human and mouse cells and cell lines and in Drosophila melanogaster. J Nutr. 2008 Dec;138(12):2316-22. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.098673.
3 Spermidine inhibits MMP-2 via modulation of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase in HDFs. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012 Dec;51(5):1003-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.013. Epub 2012 Aug 25.
4 Human Breast Milk Promotes the Secretion of Potentially Beneficial Metabolites by Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Nutrients. 2019 Jul 9;11(7):1548. doi: 10.3390/nu11071548.
5 Holocarboxylase synthetase regulates expression of biotin transporters by chromatin remodeling events at the SMVT locus. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Jun;19(6):400-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.002. Epub 2007 Sep 27.
6 Lysine-specific demethylase 1 activation by vitamin B2 attenuates efficacy of apatinib for proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cell MGC-803. J Cell Biochem. 2018 Jun;119(6):4957-4966. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26741. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
7 Arachidonic and oleic acid exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. Epigenetics. 2016 May 3;11(5):321-34. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1161873. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
8 Response of MiRNA-22-3p and MiRNA-149-5p to Folate Deficiency and the Differential Regulation of MTHFR Expression in Normal and Cancerous Human Hepatocytes. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 3;12(1):e0168049. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168049. eCollection 2017.
9 Riboflavin production in Lactococcus lactis: potential for in situ production of vitamin-enriched foods Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Oct;70(10):5769-77. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5769-5777.2004.
10 Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. Nutr Rev. 2017 May 1;75(5):374-389. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux001.
11 Metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria for the production of industrially important compounds Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2012 Oct 29;3:e201210003. doi: 10.5936/csbj.201210003. eCollection 2012.

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