Details of Metabolite (Meta) | MIAOME

General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT017)
Meta Name		Spermine
Unify Name		Spermine
Synonym		Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite 4,9-Diaza-1,12-dodecanediamine;4,9-Diazadodecane-1,12-diamine;N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine;1,5,10,14-Tetraazatetradecane;4,9-Diazadodecamethylenediamine;Diaminopropyl-tetramethylenediamine;Diaminopropyltetramethylenediamine;Gerontine;Musculamine;N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-tetramethylenediamine;N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine;N1,N4-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine;Neuridine;Spermin;Spermine dihydrate;Spermine puriss;SPM
Molecule Type		Polyamines
Formula		C10H30N4
Inchi Key		PFNFFQXMRSDOHW-UHFFFAOYSA-R
Description		Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite Human Metabolome Database (HMDB): Spermine is a biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.
External Links		HMDB ID		HMDB0001256
		VMH ID		sprm
		KEGG ID		C00750
		Metlin ID		255

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type																				Molecule																				EM Info								Cell/Tissue Type																		Modified sites																						Condition														REF
DNA Methylation																				DNMT																				EM Info								.																		.																						.														[1], [2]
DNA Methylation																				DNMT3A																				EM Info								Jurkat cells																		.																						.														[3], [4]
DNA Methylation																				DNMT3B																				EM Info								Jurkat cells																		.																						.														[3], [4]
Histone Acetylation																				H3																				EM Info								HT1080 cells																		.																						.														[3], [5]
Histone Acetylation																				HAT1																				EM Info								HT1080 cells																		.																						.														[3], [5]
Histone Deacetylation																				HDAC1																				EM Info								HT1080 cells																		.																						.														[3], [5]
Histone Demethylation																				Histone Demethylase (HDM)																				EM Info								.																		.																						.														[1], [2]
Histone Deacetylation																				SIRT1																				EM Info								HT1080 cells																		.																						.														[3], [5]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
Clostridium saccharolyticum
Detailed Information		MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota					[1], [2]
Description		Lacrimispora saccharolytica is an anaerobic, mesophilic bacteria.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Detailed Information		MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota					[3], [5]
Description		Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a species of bacteria of the genus Bacteroides. It is a gram-negative obligate anaerobic. It is one of the most common bacteria found in human gut microbiota and is also an opportunistic pathogen.
Lactobacillus paracasei
Detailed Information		MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota					[6], [5]
Description		Lactobacillus paracasei is a gram-positive, facultatively heterofermentative species of lactic acid bacteria that are commonly used in dairy product fermentation and probiotics. L. paracasei is a bacteria that operates by commensalism. It is commonly found in many human habitats such as human intestinal tracts and mouths. It is has been identified as having probiotic properties.
Fusobacterium varium
Detailed Information		MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota					[3], [5]
Description		Fusobacteria varium is a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacteria, similar to Bacteroides.
Campilobacter jejuni
Detailed Information		MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota					[1], [2]
Description		Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human gastroenteritis. It is a gram-negative, curved, slender, motile rod and is found in food, feces, and water.

References
1	Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nu12030597.
2	Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;11(11):1305-14. doi: 10.1038/ncb1975. Epub 2009 Oct 4.
3	Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. Nutr Rev. 2017 May 1;75(5):374-389. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux001.
4	Extracellular Spermine Activates DNA Methyltransferase 3A and 3B. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar 12;20(5):1254. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051254.
5	Activation of p53 by spermine mediates induction of autophagy in HT1080 cells. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014 Feb;63:56-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.041. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
6	Lactobacillus paracasei metabolism of rice bran reveals metabolome associated with Salmonella Typhimurium growth reduction. J Appl Microbiol. 2017 Jun;122(6):1639-1656. doi: 10.1111/jam.13459. Epub 2017 May 11.

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