Details of Metabolite (Meta)

General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT018)
  Meta Name
Spermidine
  Unify Name
Spermidine
  Synonym    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite
1,5,10-Triazadecane;4-Azaoctamethylenediamine;4-Azaoctane-1,8-diamine;N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-butane-diamine;Spermidin;1,8-Diamino-4-azaoctane;Aminopropylbutandiamine;N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine;N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diamino-butane;N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane;N-(3-Aminopropyl)-4-aminobutylamine;N-(4-Aminobutyl)-1,3-diaminopropane;N-(gamma-Aminopropyl)tetramethylenediamine;SPD
  Molecule Type
Polyamines
  Formula
C7H22N3
  Inchi Key
ATHGHQPFGPMSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-Q
  Description    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB): Spermidine is a polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.
  External Links   HMDB ID   HMDB0001257
  VMH ID   spmd
  KEGG ID   C00315
  Metlin ID   254

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type Molecule EM Info Cell/Tissue Type Modified sites Condition REF
Histone Acetylation H3 EM Info Dermal fibroblasts MMP-2 . [1], [2]
Histone Deacetylation HDAC1 EM Info Dermal fibroblasts MMP-2 . [3], [4]
Histone Demethylation LSD1 EM Info . . . [3], [5]
Histone Deacetylation SIRT1 EM Info Dermal fibroblasts MMP-2 . [3], [4]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
      Lactobacillus reuteri
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [3], [5]
         Description
Lactobacillus reuteri is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that naturally inhabits the gut of mammals and birds.
      Succinivibrio
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [3], [4]
         Description
Succinivibrio are anaerobic bacteria that ferment glucose. They obtains nitrogen through ammonia.
      Megasphaera
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [6], [4]
         Description
Megasphaera is a gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, part of Clostridia genus. Oxygen is toxic to these bacteria.
      Sedimentibacter
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [6], [4]
         Description
Sedimentibacter is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria belongs to the class of Tissierellia.

References
1 Associations of dietary methyl donor intake with MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and related molecular phenotypes in sporadic colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2008 Sep;29(9):1765-73. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgn074. Epub 2008 Mar 13.
2 Biosynthesis of Vitamins by Probiotic Bacteria.
3 Spermidine inhibits MMP-2 via modulation of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase in HDFs. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012 Dec;51(5):1003-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.013. Epub 2012 Aug 25.
4 Stages of pregnancy and weaning influence the gut microbiota diversity and function in sows J Appl Microbiol. 2019 Sep;127(3):867-879. doi: 10.1111/jam.14344. Epub 2019 Jul 1.
5 Human Breast Milk Promotes the Secretion of Potentially Beneficial Metabolites by Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Nutrients. 2019 Jul 9;11(7):1548. doi: 10.3390/nu11071548.
6 Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. Nutr Rev. 2017 May 1;75(5):374-389. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux001.

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