Details of Metabolite (Meta)

General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT054)
  Meta Name
Indole
  Unify Name
indole
  Synonym    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite
2,3-Benzopyrrole;indol;1-Azaindene;1-Benzazole;benzo[b]Pyrrole;Ketole;Indole, 14C-labeled;Indole hydrochloride;
  Molecule Type
Tryptophan metabolites
  Formula
C8H7N
  Inchi Key
SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  Description    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB): Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. It can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, it has a flowery smell, and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine.
  External Links   HMDB ID   HMDB0000738
  VMH ID   indole
  KEGG ID   C00463
  Metlin ID   286

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type Molecule EM Info Cell/Tissue Type Modified sites Condition REF
DNA Methylation DNMT EM Info . . . [1], [2]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
      Escherichia coli
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [2]
         Description
Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacteria of the genus Escherichia.
      Bifidobacterium
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [3], [4]
         Description
Bifidobacteria is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans.
      Eubacterium hallii
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [5], [6]
         Description
Anaerobutyricum hallii is an anaerobic bacteria that lives inside the human digestive system.
      Clostridium sporogenes
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [3]
         Description
Clostridium sporogenes is a species of gram-positive bacteria that belongs to the genus Clostridium.
      Lactobacillus spp.
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [7]
         Description
Lactobacillus sp. is a bacteria of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobics or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.

References
1 Evidence that asthma is a developmental origin disease influenced by maternal diet and bacterial metabolites. Nat Commun. 2015 Jun 23;6:7320. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8320.
2 Fermentation Products of Commensal Bacteria Alter Enterocyte Lipid Metabolism Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Mar 11;27(3):358-375.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.028. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
3 Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nu12030597.
4 Arachidonic and oleic acid exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. Epigenetics. 2016 May 3;11(5):321-34. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1161873. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
5 Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. Nutr Rev. 2017 May 1;75(5):374-389. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux001.
6 p-Cresyl Sulfate. Toxins (Basel). 2017 Jan 29;9(2):52. doi: 10.3390/toxins9020052.
7 Antifungal Activity of Lactobacillus pentosusOCK 0979 in the Presence of Polyols and Galactosyl-Polyols Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2018 Jun;10(2):186-200. doi: 10.1007/s12602-017-9344-0.

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