Details of Metabolite (Meta)

General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT045)
  Meta Name
Iso-Valerate
  Unify Name
Isovalerate
  Synonym    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite
isovalerate;3-methylbutanoate;isopropylacetate;3-Methylbutyrate
  Molecule Type
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
  Formula
C5H9O2-
  Inchi Key
GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-M
  Description    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite
Isovalerate is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of isovaleric acid; reported to improve ruminal fermentation and feed digestion in cattle. It has a role as a mammalian metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a short-chain fatty acid anion, a branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion and a 3-methyl fatty acid anion. It is a conjugate base of an isovaleric acid.

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type Molecule EM Info Cell/Tissue Type Modified sites Condition REF
Histone Methylation EZH2 EM Info BCBL1 cells . Periodontitis [1]
Histone Acetylation H3 EM Info Marrow-derived definitive erythroid . Abnormalities in BCAA metabolism [2], [3]
Histone Acetylation H3 EM Info Erythroid cells . Abnormalities in BCAA metabolism [1]
Histone Methylation SUV39H1 EM Info BCBL1 cells . Periodontitis [1]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
      Fusobacterium nucleatum
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [4]
         Description
Fusobacteria nucleatum is a species of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria from the genus Fusobacteria.
      Eubacterium
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [5], [6]
         Description
Eubacteria is a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family Eubacteriaceae. These bacteria are characterised by a rigid cell wall. They may either be motile or nonmotile. If motile, they have a flagellum. A typical flagellum consists of a basal body, filament, and hook. The long filament is the organ which helps eubacteria move.
      Roseburia
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [7], [6]
         Description
Roseburia is a genus of butyrate-producing, gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the human colon.
      Anaerostipes hadrus
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [6], [8]
         Description
Anaerostipes hadrus is a gram-positive bacteria from the genus of Anaerostipes which has been isolated from human faeces.
      Faecalibacterium
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [2], [3]
         Description
Faecalibacteria is a genus of bacteria. Its sole known species, Faecalibacteria prausnitzii is gram-positive, mesophilic, rod-shaped, anaerobic and is one of the most abundant and important commensal bacteria of the human gut microbiota. These bacteria produce butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids through the fermentation of dietary fiber.
      Coprococcus catus
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [5], [6]
         Description
Coprococcus catus is a species of anaerobic cocci which are part of the human faecal microbiota.
      Porphyromonas gingivalis
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1]
         Description
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacteria. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
      Lactobacillus
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [7], [6]
         Description
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group. In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system, and genital system.

References
1 MicroRNAs responsive to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS modulate expression of genes regulating innate immunity in human macrophages. Innate Immun. 2014 Jul;20(5):540-51. doi: 10.1177/1753425913501914. Epub 2013 Sep 23.
2 Butyrate greatly enhances derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by promoting epigenetic remodeling and the expression of pluripotency-associated genes. Stem Cells. 2010 Apr;28(4):713-20. doi: 10.1002/stem.402.
3 Dietary proline supplementation alters colonic luminal microbiota and bacterial metabolite composition between days 45 and 70 of pregnancy in Huanjiang mini-pigs J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018 Jan 30;9:18. doi: 10.1186/s40104-018-0233-5. eCollection 2018.
4 Short-chain fatty acids from periodontal pathogens suppress histone deacetylases, EZH2, and SUV39H1 to promote Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication. J Virol. 2014 Apr;88(8):4466-79. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03326-13. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
5 Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 27;13(7):e0201073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201073. eCollection 2018.
6 Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nu12030597.
7 Valerian and valeric acid inhibit growth of breast cancer cells possibly by mediating epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 28;11(1):2519. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81620-x.
8 Identification of lysine isobutyrylation as a new histone modification mark. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021 Jan 11;49(1):177-189. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1176.

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