Details of Metabolite (Meta)

General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT035)
  Meta Name
Niacin (B3)
  Unify Name
Nicotinic acid
  Synonym    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite
3-Carboxypyridine;3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid;3-Pyridylcarboxylic acid;Acide nicotinique;Acido nicotinico;Acidum nicotinicum;Anti-pellagra vitamin;beta-Pyridinecarboxylic acid;m-Pyridinecarboxylic acid;Niacin;Nikotinsaeure;P.P. factor;Pellagra preventive factor;PP Factor;Pyridine-beta-carboxylic acid;Vitamin b3;Niacor;Niaspan;3-Pyridinecarboxylate;3-Pyridylcarboxylate;b-Pyridinecarboxylate;b-Pyridinecarboxylic acid;beta-Pyridinecarboxylate;beta-pyridinecarboxylate;beta-pyridinecarboxylic acid;m-Pyridinecarboxylate;Pyridine-b-carboxylate;Pyridine-b-carboxylic acid;Pyridine-beta-carboxylate;Pyridine-beta-carboxylate;Pyridine-beta-carboxylic acid;Nicotinate;3-Carboxylpyridine;Akotin;Apelagrin;Daskil;Efacin;Enduracin;Linic;Niac;Niacine;Nicacid;Nicamin;Nicangin;Nico-span;Nicobid;Nicocap;Nicodelmine;Nicolar;Niconacid;Nicosan 3;Nicotinipca;Nicyl;Nyclin;Pellagrin;Pelonin;Slo-niacin;Wampocap;Aluminum salt, niacin;Induracin;Niacin cobalt (2+) salt;Niacin iron (2+) salt;Niacin lithium salt;Niacin magnesium salt;Niacin sodium salt;Nico-400;Potassium salt, niacin;Sodium salt, niacin;Tosylate, niacin;Nicotinate, lithium;Hydrochloride, niacin;Niacin aluminum salt;Niacin calcium salt;Niacin copper (2+) salt;Niacin hydrochloride;Niacin lithium salt, hemihydrate;Nico400;Tartrate, niacin;3 Pyridinecarboxylic acid;Lithium nicotinate;Niacin ammonium salt;Niacin manganese (2+) salt;Niacin potassium salt;Niacin tartrate;Niacin tosylate;Niacin zinc salt;Nico 400
  Molecule Type
Vitamins
  Formula
C6H4NO2
  Inchi Key
PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M
  Description    Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB): Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient.
  External Links   HMDB ID   HMDB0001488
  VMH ID   nac
  KEGG ID   C00253
  Metlin ID   6272

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type Molecule EM Info Cell/Tissue Type Modified sites Condition REF
Histone Acetylation H3 EM Info Primary lymphocytes FXN Friedreich's ataxia [1], [2]
Histone Trimethylation H3K27 EM Info Primary lymphocytes FXN Friedreich's ataxia [1], [2]
Histone Trimethylation H3K9 EM Info Primary lymphocytes FXN Friedreich's ataxia [1], [2]
Histone Acetylation H4 EM Info Primary lymphocytes FXN Friedreich's ataxia [1], [2]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
      Escherichia coli
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [3], [4]
         Description
Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacteria of the genus Escherichia.
      Bacteroidetes
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [5], [6]
         Description
The phylum "Bacteroidetes" is composed of three large classes of gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.
      Bifidobacterium
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [2]
         Description
Bifidobacteria is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans.
      Bacillus subtilis
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1]
         Description
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.
      Fusobacteria
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1]
         Description
Fusobacteria are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming gram-negative bacilli.
      Proteobacteria
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1], [7]
         Description
Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. It includes a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many others.
      Actinobacteria
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [1]
         Description
Actinobacteria are ubiquitous gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine contents in DNA, having a characteristic filamentous morphology.
      Lactobacillus
         Detailed Information MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota [8], [1]
         Description
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group. In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system, and genital system.

References
1 Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nu12030597.
2 Arachidonic and oleic acid exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. Epigenetics. 2016 May 3;11(5):321-34. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1161873. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
3 S-Adenosylmethionine Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Alters DNA Methylation, DNA Repair and Tumor Progression-Related Gene Expression. Cells. 2020 Aug 9;9(8):1864. doi: 10.3390/cells9081864.
4 Progress in the microbial production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Sep;32(9):153. doi: 10.1007/s11274-016-2102-8. Epub 2016 Jul 27.
5 Butyrate drives the acetylation of histone H3K9 to activate steroidogenesis through PPAR-gamma and PGC1-alpha pathways in ovarian granulosa cells. FASEB J. 2021 Feb;35(2):e21316. doi: 10.1096/fj.202000444R.
6 Dietary proline supplementation alters colonic luminal microbiota and bacterial metabolite composition between days 45 and 70 of pregnancy in Huanjiang mini-pigs J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018 Jan 30;9:18. doi: 10.1186/s40104-018-0233-5. eCollection 2018.
7 Vitamin B(12) is neuroprotective in experimental pneumococcal meningitis through modulation of hippocampal DNA methylation. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Apr 1;17(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01763-y.
8 Valerian and valeric acid inhibit growth of breast cancer cells possibly by mediating epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 28;11(1):2519. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81620-x.

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