Details of Metabolite (Meta)

General Information of Metabolite (ID: MT079)
Meta Name	Cobalamin (B12)
Unify Name	Cobalamin
Synonym	Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Synonyms of This Metabolite alpha-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide;Cbl;Cobalamin (III);Cobalamin(1+);Cobalamin(III);a-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide;Alpha-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide;5,6-Dimethyl-1-a-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole;5,6-Dimethyl-1-a-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole;5,6-Dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole;5,6-Dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole;Cob(III)alamin;Cobalamine;Cobinamide ion(1+) dihydrogen phosphate (ester) inner salt 3'-ester;Cobinamide ion(1+) dihydrogen phosphate (ester) inner salt 3'-ester with 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole;Hydroxomin;Rubivite;Rubratope-57;Rubratope-60;Ruvite;Vitamin b12;b 12, Vitamin;b12, Vitamin;Cobalamins;Cyanocobalamin;Eritron;Vitamin b 12
Molecule Type	Vitamins
Formula	C62H88CoN13O14P
Inchi Key	NSLAUEAQDBERRV-DSRCUDDDSA-L
Description	Click to Show/Hide the Detailed Description of This Metabolite Human Metabolome Database (HMDB): Cob(I)alamin is the substrate of the enzyme ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.17), that converts reduced cob(I)alamin to the adenosylcobalamin co-factor required for the functional activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2). Mutations in the human MMAB gene result in a block in adenosylcobalamin synthesis and are responsible for the cblB complementation group of inherited vitamin B12 disorders, such as cobalamin malabsorption, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a complex cobalt-containing molecule that is essential to human health. It is synthesized in bacteria where it catalyzes numerous methyl transfer and intramolecular rearrangement reactions. In mammals, it is the co-factor of only two enzymes: methionine synthase, which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine to form methionine, and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which catalyzes the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-CoA to form succinyl-CoA. For both enzymes, the vitamin must be modified through intracellular metabolism to co-factor forms: methylcobalamin (MeCbl)1 for methionine synthase and adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (PMID: 16439175).
External Links	HMDB ID	HMDB0002174
	KEGG ID	C05776
	Metlin ID	6527

The epigenetic modification information of this metabolite
Modification Type	Molecule	EM Info	Cell/Tissue Type	Modified sites	Condition	REF
DNA Hypermethylation	Ccl3	EM Info	Hippocampal cells	promoter	Bacterial meningitis	[1], [2]
DNA Hypermethylation	DNMT3A	EM Info	Hippocampal cells	promoter	Bacterial meningitis	[1], [2]

The microbes that produce this metabolite
Escherichia coli
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[1]
Description	Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacteria of the genus Escherichia.
Bacteroidetes
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[3], [1]
Description	The phylum "Bacteroidetes" is composed of three large classes of gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.
Bifidobacterium
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[1], [2]
Description	Bifidobacteria is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans.
Bacillus subtilis
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[1]
Description	Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.
Fusobacteria
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[1]
Description	Fusobacteria are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming gram-negative bacilli.
Proteobacteria
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[1]
Description	Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. It includes a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many others.
Actinobacteria
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[1]
Description	Actinobacteria are ubiquitous gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine contents in DNA, having a characteristic filamentous morphology.
Lactobacillus
Detailed Information	MIC Info click to show the detail information of this Microbiota	[4], [1]
Description	Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group. In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system, and genital system.

References
1	Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 25;12(3):597. doi: 10.3390/nu12030597.
2	Arachidonic and oleic acid exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. Epigenetics. 2016 May 3;11(5):321-34. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1161873. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
3	Acetate functions as an epigenetic metabolite to promote lipid synthesis under hypoxia. Nat Commun. 2016 Jun 30;7:11960. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11960.
4	Valerian and valeric acid inhibit growth of breast cancer cells possibly by mediating epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 28;11(1):2519. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81620-x.

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